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How Three Mit Students Fooled The World Of Scientific Journals

How Three Mit Students Fooled The World Of Scientific Journals A large a part of my writing, particularly after I’m doing client work, relies on the internet for analysis. I’ve found writing easier and pleasurable by developing a behavior of writing daily; every single day now, for the previous 16 days, I actually have been writing an article first thing in the morning. Managing working at intervals, and taking breaks, could be difficult, so I rely on an app calledTeamvizto help me automate this; it has a to-do listing and a timer, and it may be put in on your laptop. I find mornings a lot more productive for me; I attempt to begin working before 9 a.m. Normally for on-line publishing for my part we have to make use of 12 font measurement ,single spacing.hence 500 phrases is one web page. Aye what number of words do I actually have to place if I’m typing a 14 page essay. The longest I’ve ever spent on a 1,000-word article was 12 hours. The info I wanted to gather was very technical, exhausting to seek out, and even more difficult to understand, and you can’t write something until you actually perceive the subject material. Believe me, writing earlier than going through the pressure from these websites can go a protracted way to prepare you for the day. You get really good at writing by training your writing muscle tissue; with writing, simply as with anything, follow makes perfect. I used to consider this fable too, and I was a fool for doing so. Now, by debunking it, I’ve had the most efficient 16 days of my life; the one problem I now have is figuring out what ideas to write down on. Still, you’ll be shocked at how far more productive coming to the fact that there’s nothing referred to as muse can make you. I wrote an essay of 1550 words and it was barely 4.5 pages . I actually have a paper with ~2800 words and it is three strains past the 4th web page. This means I have the rest of the day to write down whatever I need. If you will get all of your writing carried out before midday, you’re a winner. , however that always meant I was unable to write for the remainder of that week. Typical paperwork which might be 7 pages include school dissertations, theses, and in-depth weblog posts and journal articles. If I’m assigned a paper and it has to be a minimum variety of phrases, I worry about hitting that number. Most of my professors require that we submit things on-line. This makes it very easy because the pc counts the number of words for them. To assist them from getting caught and editing every sentence again and again as they write, they choose a minimum variety of words they want to write each day. These words will not be excellent and can likely must be heavily edited, nevertheless it will get the ideas down and keeps them from getting stuck on one area of their e-book. It works nicely for me, but I know others who don’t do nicely with it. I assume it depends so much on your personality, however forcing myself to be constant day in and day trip helps me get my books carried out. Without a every day word depend, I would never complete them. I average 240 handwritten words per faculty dominated sheet. I write longer words than most, so most of my pages have less phrases than the estimates on this page. You ought to change them so they are more correct for people who use longer vocabulary words. Depending on the genre of guide you are writing, word depend may be important in whether or not your writing can actually be revealed. Publishers like sure genres to be inside sure word counts, so any creator who hopes to be published has to create their works within these counts. I also had to contact specialists for their opinions, but I couldn’t even ask about their opinions until I might goal them with the right questions. As a result, I really needed to write most of the article before slotting in the professional remark. This applies everytime you’re not in a great temper (you woke up on the wrong facet of the mattress?), if you break a sure productiveness rule or when you need a refresh before you start writing again. I agree that there are a lot of people who are overly concerned with word rely, but there are respectable reasons to maintain it in thoughts as nicely. If it’s not one thing essential to you and your writing, you'll be able to ignore it. Some of us get marked down factors if we don't hit a sure word rely or web page rely.

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Lilapsophobia or the Fear of Tornadoes or Hurricanes

Lilapsophobia or the Fear of Tornadoes or Hurricanes Phobias Types Print Lilapsophobia or the Fear of Tornadoes or Hurricanes By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by on January 27, 2020 john finney photography/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Lilapsophobia, or fear of tornadoes and hurricanes, can be seen as a more severe form of astraphobia, or fear of thunder and lightning. If you suffer from lilapsophobia, it is not the average summer storm that you fear, but the possibility of that storm becoming severe. This phobia is relatively common, although rarer than astraphobia. Causes Like many phobias, the fear of tornadoes and hurricanes is often traced to a negative experience. Perhaps you have been affected by severe weather that caused personal injury or property damage to you or someone you love. Or you might have been spared by a tornado that wreaked havoc in your neighborhood, possibly adding a bit of survivor guilt to the mix. If you have been through a truly devastating storm experience such as Hurricane Katrina, it is particularly important to seek professional advice. In addition to lilapsophobia, it is possible that you are experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder. Lilapsophobia, like many phobias, may also be learned. If your parents, friends or relatives are afraid of tornadoes and hurricanes, you may have picked up their fear. Symptoms While it is normal and rational to check weather forecasts before outdoor activities, many people with lilapsophobia find that the weather controls their lives. You might spend a great deal of time watching the Weather Channel or tracking storms online. You may refuse to go out on days when storms are predicted. When a storm hits, you may display unusual behaviors. Constantly checking for weather alerts; hiding under the bed or in a closet, and even putting a full tornado plan into effect as soon as the rain begins are all common among those with this fear. You might listen closely to the storm for sounds of tornado activity, or you might attempt to drown out the storm altogether with loud music or movies. Many people find that lilapsophobia is worsened by being alone. You might call friends in a panic, or arrange your schedule such that you are rarely alone. Some people with this phobia find that going to a mall, a movie theater or a library can help them control their panic. Over time, you might find that your daily activities become more and more restricted. You might become unwilling to enter buildings that you do not find “safe,” even on clear, sunny days. You may refuse to take part in outdoor activities or long road trips for fear that a storm might hit. Appearance in Children Many children go through a phase of astraphobia, or fear of storms. Lilapsophobia is not as common in children, but may certainly appear. Young children who are just learning to separate fantasy from reality are especially susceptible to fears caused by media images and adult conversations. If a major storm is profiled on television or discussed by adults, children may become afraid that it will happen to them. Because fears are a normal part of development, phobias are generally not diagnosed in children unless they persist for more than six months. Try to reassure your child about the relative rarity of major storms, and explain your storm readiness procedures to him. Of course, it is important to tell the child’s doctor if the phobia is severe or persistent, as a therapist referral may be necessary. Appearance in Popular Culture Hollywood films such as Twister (1996) address the effects of lilapsophobia. In that film, Dr. Jo Harding, played by Helen Hunt, witnesses her father’s death in a tornado. As an adult, she fights the resulting lilapsophobia by becoming a storm chaser. The film features highly realistic footage of major tornadoes, so it is not the best choice for those suffering from this fear. Tornadoes and hurricanes are a part of life, and today’s media offers the opportunity to view devastating storms and their aftermath repeatedly, in vivid high definition detail. Although the coverage is certainly important, it is equally important to put such coverage into perspective. While small weather events happen frequently, only those that are severe are deemed newsworthy. Media coverage can easily lead to a skewed belief that serious storms are much more common than they actually are. How to Be Rationally Prepared Although your chances of being caught in a killer storm are relatively small, the risks are real. Therefore, it is important to be prepared. The key is to recognize the difference between rational preparedness and phobic reactions. If you live in a storm-prone area, get a copy of your area’s official preparedness literature. These documents are often distributed in grocery stores, libraries and other public locations or online through sites like weather.gov and nhc.noaa.gov. Read through the recommendations and put together a storm readiness plan. If you share a household, let someone else monitor the weather. That person can alert you about any specific dangers and help you decide the best course of action. This will take some of the pressure off you, and can help you avoid obsessive checking. Learn about the types of storms that affect your area. For examples, hurricanes can be devastating but are predicted far in advance. Tornadoes can develop quickly, but only under certain weather conditions. Learning about the types of storms that may affect you can help you make more rational decisions about confronting them. Treatment Like many phobias, lilapsophobia is often treated through cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques. However, if your phobia stems from post-traumatic stress disorder, then other types of therapy may be more appropriate. Your therapist will be able to diagnose the root of your phobia and prescribe the best course of action.

Christian Teachings on Wealth and Poverty Essay - 1838 Words

Christians believe that someone with wealth has the ability to influence the world for the good and for the bad. This would suggest that, for some people wealth is not a bad thing, as it could be used to help more of Gods children to become closer to God. However, Christians do also teach that money can only be gained in moral and lawful ways, and that the money the gain is a gift from God and is therefore it is intended to be a force for good in the world, not evil. Christians also teach that if people should have the wrong attitude towards their wealth then it can lead people away from God, which means that one would have to be careful with his money. Jesus Parable of the Sheep and Goats†¦show more content†¦Jesus Golden Rule states that you should, Do unto others as you would have them do to you. This shows us that Jesus believed in, and taught that you should help those less fortunate than you and that in the end they will repay you. Another parable that Jesus taught was that of the Good Samaritan, a popular story in which a man helped a man who was supposed to be his enemy, after he had been badly beaten. Jesus taught that you should love and help your neighbour, and that this means it is sometimes necessary to share your wealth with those less fortunate than you. There are also teachings in the Old Testament about how people should treat the poor. In the book of John 3:17-18, John says that we should not love with words or tongue, but with actions and in truth. John was saying that it is not enough to simply talk about helping the poor; one must actively try to change the situation by using your wealth for good. Islam teaches that wealth is something given by God and that it is therefore not up to the individual to decide what to do with it. It is also, therefore, something to be shared and which should benefit everyone. Islam teaches that wealth should be shared, that it is commanded by God and that the wealth should be given as part of the Five Pillars, namely Zakah. Zakah is translated form Arabic and means purification, this means thatShow MoreRelatedChristian Teachings on Poverty and Wealth Essay2189 Words   |  9 PagesChristian Teachings on Poverty and Wealth Ever since the beginning of the Christian faith, poverty and wealth have been a big issue. Before Jesus was born, the rich would use religion to keep the poor away from them. The wealthy thought their riches were a blessing from God and that their faith and dedication was a reason for God bestowing them with wealth. They believed that the poor were not true followers of God and therefore suffered with poverty. They thought thatRead MoreEssay about Christian Teachings on Wealth and Poverty702 Words   |  3 Pages wealth is not what you need to enter heaven. To enter heaven you must be caring and share your riches with the poor and needy. As a result of Jesus teachings, the early churches shared all they had to make sure no one was in need. Jesus taught us that the pursuing of wealth could lead you into temptations. He said that we will be judged not on the size of our bank balance, but on how we have helped those who are less fortunate. A well-known Christian teaching goesRead MoreEssay about Christian Teaching on Wealth and Poverty2084 Words   |  9 PagesCoursework (a) (i) Outline Christian teaching on wealth and poverty. Christians do not think money is a bad thing. However, they believe the way money is earned and used is the issue. Most Christians believe that wealth is a gift from God to benefit others. Christians believe that all money belongs to God and he gives them stewardship of his money to use wisely. The Bible teaches, â€Å"You cannot serve both God and money.† (Matthew 6:24). For Christians this means that they must be careful notRead MoreThe Christian Disciple, A Follower Of Jesus1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe Christian disciple is a follower of Jesus who pursues morality through a life of faith and obedience to Christ and His teachings. The faithful disciple places absolute trust in God while he embarks on a quest for a fulfilling life rich in virtue and happiness. Discipleship specifically emphasizes a simplistic lifestyle focused on rejecting consumerism and giving to those in need. In practicing asceticism, however, a follower of Jesus is faced with the decision between two separate Christian lifestyles:Read MoreChristians, Wealth and Poverty Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesChristians, Wealth and Poverty The Bible does not say that money is bad. However, what it does say is that it is the love of money is the root of all evil, a powerful message. The Bible also says no one can serve two masters. What this means is that you cannot be too attached to your money or it will lead you away from the one true master, God. It means you cannot use your money in selfish or bad ways, but rather for the good of others. Christians are expectedRead MoreJesus And Gandhi On Poverty Essay1656 Words   |  7 PagesJesus and Mahatma Gandhi on Poverty Introduction: Poverty a worldwide problem that affects everybody who deals with the situation. People living in poverty are at the lowest of the lowest in the social, economic and political class. Another word for poverty is the slums. In today’s world there is an estimate of three-billion people that live in poverty. The average poverty person live off of just $2.50 a day. One third of the people that live in poverty are children. Over twenty-two thousand childrenRead MorePoverty : A Problem That Affects Everyone Who Deals With The Situation Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Poverty a worldwide problem that affects everybody who deals with the situation. People living in poverty are at the lowest of the lowest in the social, economic and political class. Another word for poverty is the slums. In today’s world there is an estimate of three-billion people that live in poverty. The average poverty person live off of just $2.50 a day. One third of the people that live in poverty are children. Over twenty-two thousand children die due to poverty. People loseRead MoreFalse Teachings In 1 Timothy948 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluence of some false teachers. It consists of pastoral advices to deal with problems in the churches located in Ephesus. My impression of the 1 Timothy is that Paul gave strong warnings on false teachings and he provided instructions to Christians about their conduct and church life. False teachings. My impression in 1 Timothy is that a group of members of the Ephesus faith community with a Jewish background claimed to be teachers of the law. (1:7)  They were exposed to the elements of theRead MoreChristian Views on Poverty and Wealth4069 Words   |  16 PagesChristian Views on Poverty and Wealth Distinctions made between the wealthy and the poor are known to measure not only standards of living, but the standard of human character. In the Christian perspective, how one acts upon their wealth or poverty is often a measure of godliness. In present day, the gap between the rich and the poor continues to grow. Even within the wealthiest nations, disparities between the wealthy and the poor are increasing as fewer people are experiencing monetary successRead MoreReligion, Poverty, and Wealth Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesReligion, Poverty, and Wealth Christians believe strongly in world equality, as they feel that they have a responsibility to care for the poor and needy. These responsibilities are based upon the five key Christian ideas 1. Stewardship Genesis (1: 28 – 31) In this story God creates Adam and Eve. He builds a beautiful house and a beautiful garden with trees laden with ripe and delicious fruit for them to live in. ‘Pick the fruit and eat it freely,’ God told

Walt Disney Parks and Resorts - 4079 Words

5/8/2012 | PD1- Critical Thinking and Problem Solving | Where in the World is Disney? | Disney Theme Park New Destination | Contents 1. Executive Summary 4 Introduction 5 2. Business, Disney and Culture 5 2.1 Importance of culture for Business 5 2.2 Importance of culture for Disney expansion 6 2.3 Cultural considerations for Malasiya 6 2.4 Recommendations: 7 3. Candidate City Background: 8 3.1 Candidate cities for Disney expansion: 8 3.1.1 Sharm Elsheik 8 3.1.2 Kuala Lumpur 8 3.1.3 Johannesburg 9 4. Disney Selection criteria 10 4.1. Discussion of selection criteria 10 4.2. Disney’s selection criteria 10 5. Disney and Success 12 5.1. Corporate Governance 12 5.1.1 What Disney can do†¦show more content†¦Knowing the cultural hierarchy, orientation, dress code holiday and communication method will result in an easier and faster expansion. 2.2 Importance of culture for Disney expansion As Disney operates in several countries it is exposed to diversity, as a result it welcomes the new ideas and opinions to ensure a healthy growth and a better performance in each location, consequently each of their companies has a special ability to contribute positively regarding their own culture. For this reason Disney focuses on these key features to ensure a successful expansion Innovation :Devotion to a tradition of innovation and technology. * Quality: Setting a high standers of excellence in processes amp; products * Community: Creating ideas about families and providing entertainment experiences for all generations to share. * Storytelling: Timeless and engaging stories delight and inspire. * Optimism: Walt Disney as all about giving hope and aspiration through entertainment. * Decency: We honor and respect the trust people place in us. Our fun is about laughing at our experiences and ourselves These values live in everything we do. They create a unified mission that all our people believe in and work toward. And to recognize individual efforts 2.3 Cultural considerations for Malaysia Malaysia is a group oriented mixed culture, the Chinese and the Indian culture is found toShow MoreRelatedWalt Disney Parks And Resorts Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Walt Disney Parks and Resorts is a premier enterprise operating out of Florida. This organization started back in 1971 by founders Walt and Roy Disney. Walt Disney Parks and Resorts is the most visited theme park in the world. Over 50 million people visit these parks and resorts year round. The organization is not only known for the services they provide, but the economic impact and the programs offered to their employees. This writing assignment, I will elaborate on how this companyRead MoreWalt Disney Parks and Resorts3974 Words   |  16 Pageshttp://www.blurtit.com/q200168.html http://www.blurtit.com/q200168.html Disney Theme Park to India Disney Theme Park to India Abstract: This report is aim to analyze profitable adventure of The Walt Disney Company to set up Disneyland theme park in India. As one of main emerging markets in Asia, India might be the next destination for The Walt Disney Company to target on. Therefore, this report uses a series of marketing tools to demonstrate the macro-environment and micro-environmentRead MoreWalt Disney Parks and Resorts4564 Words   |  19 PagesExecutive Summary Walt Disney is an international company founded in 1923 by brothers Roy and Walt Disney. The corporate headquarters and primary production facilities are located at The Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California, the area where Disney was initially created. Today Disney is one of the largest and most reputable companies in the film and entertainment industry earning $43 billion in revenues in 2007. Walt Disney Company earns revenues in four strategic areas including consumer productsRead MoreWalt Disney Parks and Resorts1956 Words   |  8 PagesWalt Disney Co. faced the challenge of building a theme park in Europe. Disney s mode of entry in Japan had been licensing. However, the firm chose direct investment in its European theme park, owning 49% with the remaining 51% held publicly. Besides the mode of entry, another important element in Disney s decision was exactly where in Europe to locate. There are many factors in the site selection decision, and a company carefully must define and evaluate the criteria for choosing a location.Read MoreWalt Disney Parks and Resorts3667 Words   |  15 PagesKuala-Lumpur – Malaysia 6 Disney selection criteria 6 KT decision analysis ( In Appendences) 7 Situational analysis 8 Dunker diagram (In Appendences) 9 Business, Disney and Culture 10 Disney and Success 11 Recommendation 12 Conclusion 13 References 14 Appendences 15 Mind Map 15 KT Decision Calculations 17 Dunker Diagram 18 Executive Summary Attached is a report that compares the three candidate cities that we as a group chose to host a new Disney theme park (Expansion). The citiesRead MoreWalt Disney Parks Resorts Management Strategy Essay1454 Words   |  6 PagesWalt Disney Parks and Resorts Management Strategy amp; Policy For my final paper I chose to discuss The Walt Disney Company. Since the Company is so large and made up of four primary business segments, I decided to focus on one particular segment: Parks and Resorts. This segment is composed of the theme parks, cruise-line, and vacation club resorts. The Walt Disney Company Parks and Resorts strive to be the leader in innovative and creative family entertainment in the world. The mission ofRead MoreGeneral Definitions. Before Going Into The Background Of1504 Words   |  7 PagesDefinitions Before going into the background of the Walt Disney Company and its theme parks, it is necessary to define some terms that are used throughout the paper. These terms are defined as the researcher understands them as a former cast member of the Walt Disney Company. The first term that needs to be defined is â€Å"guest†. Instead of calling people who visit their theme parks customers, the Walt Disney Company refers to visitors of their theme parks as guests. This is to keep up with the show andRead MoreDisney : Disney s Strongest Presence1007 Words   |  5 PagesDisney Offices/Locations Disney’s strongest presence is in the United States. However, with operations in more than 40 countries, approximately 166,000 employees and cast members around the world, Disney sets the standard for the future of entertainment. Whether it s Disney or Marvel, ESPN or PIXAR – in China or the United States, India or Argentina, Russia or the United Kingdom, the people of The Walt Disney Company create content and experiences in ways that are relevant to the many culturesRead MoreWalt Disneys The Disney Company1586 Words   |  7 PagesCompany in Brief The Walt Disney Company all began when Walt Disney made his way to California with his â€Å"pilot† film of Alice’s Wonderland to sell â€Å"Alice Comedies† to a distributor. He was contracted to distribute â€Å"Alice Comedies† on October 16,1923 which is the beginning of the â€Å"Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio† which later became the Disney Company. For the first couple of decades the Disney Company was only geared toward one business segment, studio entertainment. Walt had the desire to branchRead MoreErm Research Report On Walt Disney Company Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesThe Walt Disney Company â€Æ' ERM Research report – The Walt Disney Company I. COMPANY BACKGROUND The mission of The Walt Disney Company is to be one of the world’s leading producers and providers of entertainment and information. Using our portfolio of brands to differentiate our content, services and consumer products, we seek to develop the most creative, innovative and profitable entertainment experiences and related products in the world. According to the â€Å"2015-Annual-Report† of the Walt Disney

Caste System Free Essays

A Day in Life: Case system Narrative My feet, burning walking through the villages while the higher caste people Just stare at us, as if we are animals that have no home. My son is screaming as he is sick from the polluted water we have to drink from. The higher caste people drink from clean fresh wells and laugh at us as we drink from the local pond filled with animal feces. We will write a custom essay sample on Caste System or any similar topic only for you Order Now There isn’t much hope for our kind of people, but for us it’s all about slim chances. My people help each other in times of need, the same caste helps the people inside f it, but requesting help from another caste is getting a guaranteed no. The different castes live like they are different from each other as if we are both two different animals except we are like an ant and the Brahmin are like a tiger. We have different jobs, ways of life, and values. I wake up tired and exhausted and send my son to his job which is cleaning the town caste, he knows it’s filthy but he knows we need every penny we can get. I have two Jobs; one is being a servant for a higher caste family, and cleaning high caste’s houses. I work for 18 hours a day and receive below minimum wage for my Jobs. There is nothing we can do about it; we untouchables don’t have any power and barely any if we do have any. We Just need to accept that we are not welcomed. Many of us tried to revolt and take what we deserve and some of us, like I Just accept we are treated so poorly. The protestors don’t get very far, we might get one or two right gained but nothing to major. Most people are planning to revolt, but I’m a coward and I do not want to be downgraded in the next life. I believe ow we are treated is very poorly, but however I think we deserve much more respect than what we have now. We will always be the untouchables, and there is nothing we can do about it. But being treated this poorly is not human. The untouchables are treated with disrespect like we insult their views. I believe in reincarnation and how we untouchables came to live with a low reputation, so for now I hope to live my life and follow the Mandate of Heaven to come back with a much higher status. Each one of us are put into the spot we have now because of our previous actions, and I accept hat before my life as an untouchable I have done some bad things that brought me into this depressing life, but it’s the way the game of life works. Life as an untouchable is the worst it ever gets, it’s wrong to harm people in such a way and this will make those upper caste people who make us suffer untouchables, and then they can experience what we have to go through. I personally believe the Caste system is fair, and that everyone will eventually undergo a period of hardship. Life isn’t easy, and everyone will eventually understand that. Caste System By rmarhaba How to cite Caste System, Papers

Kinesics and Body Postures Essay Example

Kinesics and Body Postures Essay Kinesics between Males and Females In communication, it is important to consider not only the verbal context of the interaction between two people or among a group. It is very important that non-verbal forms of communication be taken into account when talking to someone since these non-verbal cues may become barriers to effective communication. Potential physical barriers to communication include kinesics. Kinesics is a general term used to define human movements, gestures and posture. Kinesics may substitute, accompany or modify language. Kinesics may be directive, informative or empathic in nature. One of the most used components in kinesics is body posture. There are many different types of postures, but there are four basic kinds: approach, withdrawal, expansion, and contraction (Beebe, Beebe amp; Ivy, 2010, p. 95). Posture is a substantial marker of feminine and masculine behavior. Different males and females go through these four basic kinds of postures everyday of their lives. In this essay I’ll discuss the different kinds of postures in relation to males and females. Male postures can be slightly different than those of females. Despite universally high perceptions of beauty in both sexes, males tend to place significantly higher value on physical appearance in a partner than women (Beebe, Beebe amp; Ivy, 2010, p. 95). When observing males, one usually tends to observe how that particular person is representing himself. By this I mean what posture he uses when talking to someone. When someone goes to a public place like a cafeteria, library, restaurants etc, different male body postures can be observed. We will write a custom essay sample on Kinesics and Body Postures specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Kinesics and Body Postures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Kinesics and Body Postures specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Some examples are leaning back in a chair with the arms clasped behind the head and the elbows out signaling a state of relaxation or a territorial sign saying â€Å"I own this place† and straddling a backwards facing chair which allows the man to dominate and control the situation. In stressful situations some men will hold both hands and rub them together. A major thing one may notice when one studies the male body language is that the body language tends to be more dominant. This allows the man to be in full control and observe the situation from a distance. Once control is established, he will stand much closer to the other person than a woman would. I once went to a party in Tennessee where a friend of mine got into a fight with a particular person. Before he got into a fight, he stared at the man for a long time. My friend’s posture went from that of being normal to where his head and shoulders started to rise in excitement for a fight because he was angry. All this happened because the other man kept calling my friend’s name that he did not want to hear. After the fight was over his posture went back to normal. I also observed the other man. I saw his shoulders slump and head bow in all the embarrassment. These are just some observations I made at a local restaurant and at a party. One should keep in mind that not all the males are the same. Different males have different personalities and different postures. Female postures can be hard to recognize. Femininity can be described with traits such as being nurturing, soft, intuitive, empathetic, and accepting (Beebe, Beebe amp; Ivy, 2010, p. 95). A female’s body posture and facial expressions go hand in hand. Facial expressions and posture reveal our emotions. Posture is greatly affected by self-esteem and emotional state. For instance, when one is feeling upbeat and good about themselves, they are likely to carry themselves more upright and possibly exhibit a â€Å"spring in ones step†. It is true the other way around where posture may be slumped because of a hard day at work (Beebe, Beebe amp; Ivy, 2010, p. 95). Females have many more ways of attracting attention to themselves than male and they are able to express availability and interest in more ways than males. For example, when a female wants to be more appealing, she will stand taller with the chest out and the stomach in. Another example is when a female’s legs are crossed tightly for long time; it represents defensiveness and a closed body language. A face tends to express which kind of emotion someone is feeling, while one’s body reveals the intensity of how much of the emotion one is feeling (Beebe, Beebe amp; Ivy, 2010, p. 95). For example, a woman’s thoughts can be read through her lips. For example, girls at this college restaurant like to hangout in groups and through this one can see various facial gestures and postures like their stomachs are held in with their heads held high, and they keep fixing their hair when a guy walks by. These are just some examples of female postures. In conclusion, we can see that every individual either males or females is different in his or her own way. Everyone has a unique personality that is better suited to them and so are the postures and facial expressions. There are many types of postures but the four most basic forms are easily distinguishable and everyone goes through them at least once a day. Works Cited Steven Beebe, S. B. (1950). communication: principles for a lifetime. boston: lifland bookmakers.

Battle of Omdurman

Battle of Omdurman The battle of Omdurman took place on the 2nd of September 1898. It was a decisive battle that established the power of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium government on the territory of the present-day Sudan:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of Omdurman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"In 1898 Kitchener led a force of 8,200 British troops, 17,600 Sudanese and Egyptians up the Nile to capture a city in the Sudan called Omdurman, the Dervish capital across the river from Khartoum† (â€Å"The Battle of Omdurman-Sudan 1898† n. pg.). As a result, the state of Sudan was destroyed and the territory became a British colony, This reconquest was a major international event in both African and European contexts† (Spiers 9).This battle predetermined future historical development of the country. The results of the battle made its contribution to current developments in international security policy. â⠂¬Å"The Battle of Omdurman is perhaps the best known single episode of the Sudan campain† (Keown-Boyd 95). Before analyzing the results and influence of the battle, we should explore the historical background of it. So, today Sudan is the largest country of the Arab world which is situated in the northeastern Africa. As Levy and Latif write in their book Sudan, â€Å"It is a place where African and Arab cultures mingle, Sudan is home to a physically, religiously, and culturally diverse people† (5). This diversity is the result of a historical development of the country. For a very long time it was under the Turco-Egyptian rule. Since 1821 till 1881, â€Å"the south of Sudan was now open for the first time to the sustainable influence of the north, and trading networks were established. (Peters 15). Under the Egypt governance, the infrastructure of Sudan’s economy improved greatly, especially in cotton production. After 1882, when the British Empire occupied the territory of Egypt, the Khedivial government was established in the country with its corruption. When Europeans introduced the company against the slave trade, the economic development of the country decreased which resulted in economic crisis.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was one of the leading factors that caused the rise of Mahdist forces, who had two major victories in 1885, â€Å"when they captured Kassala and Sennar† (Featherstone 7). Mahdi was a religious leader who managed to lead the northern tribes to a successful fight against the Turco-Egyptian rule. In 1884, the British government offered to general Gordon to evacuate Egyptian people, but the operation was unsuccessful. â€Å"The Mahdists held power for 13 years while Britain and other colonial powers conquered other regions of Africa† (Levy and Latif 27) and in this time, the his government did nothing to restore a social order in the country. General Herbert Kitchener was sent to Sudan and it was under his commandment when the country was invaded by the Anglo-Egyptian army under his rule. In the battle of Omdurman, â€Å"Major General Sir Herbert Kitchener defeated the Mahdist forces under the command of Abdullah el-Taaishi† (Boddy-Evans n. pg.). Kitchener’s forces moved slowly, they occupied Dongala. Mahdi did not consider the attacks as something serious and â€Å"sent 14,000 men to attack the British near Atara† (Hickman n. pg.). The success of the British army was guaranteed as they were equipped with the latest military defense technology, â€Å"The Khalifas plan of attack appears to have been complex and ingenious. It was, however, based on an extraordinary miscalculation of the power of modern weapons; with the exception of this cardinal error, it is not necessary to criticize it† (Churchill 270). The battle continued for several hours u ntil the whole army of Khalif was destroyed. The battle was a starting point for establishing of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium: â€Å"Some measure of relief would only arrive with the defeat of Mahdist forces at the Battle of Omdurman in 1898 followed by the formation of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium government† (Miner n. pg.). During the Anglo-Egyptian rule, the major focus of the economical development was on the rise of agriculture. In 1922 â€Å"closed areas† were introduced in some regions on order to control the â€Å"internal slave trade†. In addition, :restrictions on work and travel were used in some provinces to control the spread of Muslim influence† (Peters 16).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of Omdurman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By the mid 1930th, two regions of the country, North and South, became almost fully separated from each other. By the 1946, the road to independence was opened. The British government was trying to prevent the claims of Egypt to control Sudan and began the program that should be resulted in the independence of Sudan from Egypt. In 1954, Sudan became an independent state. The consequences of the battle influenced on the current development of the international security politics. The major task is to maintain peace and prevent internal and external military conflicts and enhance human security, â€Å"What is fundamentally important is to acknowledge that ‘reconciliation’ at all politico-social levels, including at a grass-root level within different communities, is the key to ending conflict and reconstructing peace† (Inoguchi n. pg.) In addition, Sudanese intellectuals should thing about the reasons why after 50 years of independence from Britain, â€Å"we are still unable reach a consensus on a way to govern the country that will allow all Sudanese to contribute to its social and economic dev elopment† (Mohamed 1). Thus, the results of the battle of Omdurman had a great influence on the further historical and political development of the country and influenced on the current developments in international security politics. Boddy-Evans, Alistair. Battle of Omdurman. 2 Sep. 2009. Web. Hickman, Kennedy. Mahdist War: Battle of Omdurman. About.com Guide. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Churchill, Winston S. The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan. San Diego: Icon Group International, Inc., 2008. Featherstone, Donald. Omdurman 1898: Kitcheners victory in the Sudan. London: Osprey Publishing, 1993. Inoguchi, Kuniko. Conference on the Implementation, By the Arab States, of the UN Programme of Action on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons. 18 Dec. 2003. Web. Keown-Boyd, Henry. A Good Dusting: a Centenary Review of the Sudan Campaigns 1883-1899. New York: Leo Cooper in association with Secker Warburg, 1986. Levy, Patricia, and Zawiah Abdul Latif. Sudan. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2007 Miner, Edward. The Historical Background of Missionary Activity in the Southern Sudan. 29 Aug. 2003. Web. Mohamed, Hafiz. Attack of Omdurman the Ramification for Sudan. Web. Peters, Chris. Sudan: a Nation in the Balance. Oxfam: Oxfam, 1996. Spiers, Edward M. Sudan: the Reconquest Reappraised. New York: Routledge, 1998. â€Å"The Battle of Omdurman-Sudan 1898†. 22 Nov. 2002. Web.

How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included)

How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included) If you’re familiar with the world of social workers, you know that this isn’t a career path for the faint of heart. It’s one where you are working closely with people who need the most helps)How to Write a Perfect Occupational Therapist ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Physician Assistant Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Receptionist Resume (Examples Included)How to Create a Perfect Retail ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Sales Associate Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Truck Driver Resume (With Examples)

Architecture advancements Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Architecture advancements - Research Paper Example The Romans had great architects who created admirable and great monuments and buildings located all over the Roman Empire. Primarily, Romans adopted the Etruscan arch as practical architectural devices, and secondly, they constructed aqueducts from these arches. More so, they made cement so as to effectively use these architectural devices. This way, they were able to use these architectural devices in a useful and productive manner. Furthermore, Romans established many beautiful buildings for themselves. Architectural works had been part of the Roman Empire, but with time, Rome architects became more skilled and so, architect evolved to be a profession. This paper provides an explanation of some of the architectural achievement in Rome, noting the developments of arch, aqueducts, and dome among others. The advancement of art work in Rome was to a larger extended developed from Romans predecessors the Etruscans and others. However, most borrowed artistic forms were expressed in their practical dominating spirit (Anderson, 2012). Notably, architecture has been the success of ancient Romans, for instance, Romans were the first people to make of architecture in handling various problems such as infrastructure and urban management among others (Garwood and Blasi, 2012). Due to the popularity of architectural works, architects and engineers advanced their skills and became the designers of great buildings, temples, bridges, imperial palaces, water supply systems, and churches among others. Therefore, Romans modified the techniques that were initially developed by Etruscans and the Greeks so as to allow their architects construct these great infrastructures (Garwood and Blasi, 2012). According, Romans modified the dome, vaults and arches which played a fundamental role in building palaces, aqueducts, public buildings and baths, and theaters among others (Hitchens and Roupp, 2001). Romans adopted architectural features particularly of the arch from the Etruscans, and they also used classical orders of the Greek temple to construct many temples, but they modified these features to come up with a very unique architectural style (Dierckx and ‘Mark Twain Media’, 2012). Arguably, the Romans learned from the Etruscans on how to construct round arches, but they created new and better ways to modify the arch to a barrel vault together with two arches at right angles to each other (Hitchens and Roupp, 2001). The arch was modified by the Romans and was used to support extra structure for building, and typically, this arch was constructed out of concrete, brick as well as stone. The Romans designed the Etruscan arch, which was very famous and often accredited to Romans, and they adopted this arch from the Etruscans, and literally, the arch is constructed by a series of blocks placed together with a key stone placed in the center of the top. Romans put the arch to good practical and decorative use, for instance, they used the arches to make use ful innovations like aqueducts. Indeed, the Romans effectively made use of the Etruscan arch, for instance, as the Etruscans used the arch as a single stone structure to construct gateways, the Romans used the arch in diverse ways. For instance, they combined arches with the use of concretes to construct architectural structures of greater size (Dierckx and ‘

Free writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Free writing - Essay Example But, luckily, this fear did not turn out to be the be all and end all of most of my pursuits. During my childhood days in South Korea I turned towards nature for inspiration and guidance. I observed that nature tended to achieve perfection by diligently and persistently working on small things. The growing of a leaf of grass, the falling of a drop of rain on the parched earth, the first flight of a hatchling from one’s nest, the existence of large wiggly colonies of insects below the dead logs, the shedding of the leaves in fall, the blooming of flowers in the spring, all these things do not declare their existence with much grandeur and fanfare. Yet, there is no denying the fact that they adorn the earth with much beauty and charm. Hence, it was through my observation of nature that I learned the strength inherent in small things. It was how I came to the conclusion that perhaps I may not be able to wrest big achievements in my life, but certainly I can accomplish many small things through my dedication and sincerity. So I brought this magic of small things to all the aspects of my life. To begin with, I honed my proficiency in small things in the much benign and salubrious family atmosphere in Korea. It was through observing my family members that I realized that a person is dependent on the kindness of others when one is born, and also one is dependent on the kindness of others when one gets old, then how come we forget the relevance of kindness and compassion in the more robust, middle part of our lives? So my experience as a family man was a story of love and compassion. I may not have been able to do big things for my family, but I am sure they will always remember me for the love and kindness I put in the small things I did for them. In my academic and professional career I also always laid stress on the strength inherent in small things. Without sounding arrogant, I would not shy away from saying that my success as

Barriers To Communication

Barriers To Communication For any kind of communication to be successful, it is essential that the receiver attributes the same meaning to the message as intended by the sender of the message. But all acts of communication are not perfect or successful. At times, some meaning is lost as the message encounters various barriers along its passage between the sender and the receiver. Such barriers may arise at any of the stages through which a message passes during the process of communication. This is also called miscommunication. Some of the common problems that lead to the failure of communication are: noise, cultural differences, complexity of subject matter, personal biases, semantic problems, socio-psychological barriers, filtering, information overload, poor retention, poor listening, goal conflicts, slanting, inferring, etc. Barriers to communication can be classified as follows on the basis of the stage of the communication process during which the problem/s arise: a. Sender-oriented barriers: lack of planning, lack of clarity about the purpose of communication, improper choice of words resulting in a badly encoded message, difference in perception, wrong choice of the channel, unjustified presumptions, etc. b. Receiver-oriented barriers: poor listening, lack of interest, difference in perception, biased attitude, etc. c. Channel-oriented barriers: noise, wrong selection of medium, technical defects in the address system or the medium of communication chosen by the sender, time and distance, etc. We may define communication as a psycho-semantic process. Therefore, the barriers that affect the effectiveness of communication are mostly of social-psychological-linguistic nature. These factors may act upon any or all of the elements of the process of communication, that is, the sender or the receiver or the channel. And a common barrier for both the sender and receiver can be the absence of a common frame of reference which often leads to the breakdown of communication in a specific situation. A common frame of reference is the context in which communication takes place. A well-defined context helps the sender and the receiver to comprehend the content of the message in a similar way, with regard to its implications and meaning. Many of the barriers listed above are easy to understand. But a few of them may require a detailed explanation. DIFFERENT TYPES OF BARRIERS The various barriers to communication can be classified into the following broad categories: 1) Semantic or language barriers, 2) Physical barriers, 3) Personal barriers, 4) Emotional or perceptional barriers, 5) Socio-psychological barriers, 6) Cultural barriers, and 7) Organizational barriers. SEMANTIC/LANGUAGE BARRIERS Semantics is the systematic study of the meaning of words. Thus, the semantic barriers are barriers related to language. Such barriers are problems that arise during the process of encoding and/or decoding the message into words and ideas respectively. Both the oral and the written communication are based on words/symbols which are ambiguous in nature. Words/ symbols may be used in several ways and may have several meanings. Unless the receiver knows the context, he may interpret the word/symbol according to his own level of understanding and may thus misinterpret the message. The most common semantic barriers are listed as under: Misinterpretation of Words Semantic problems often arise because of the gap between the meaning as intended by the sender and that as understood by the receiver. This happens when the receiver does not assign the same meaning to the word/symbol as the transmitter had intended. Words are capable of expressing a variety of meanings depending upon their usage, i.e. in the context in which they are used. The association between the word/symbol and the meaning assigned to it is of arbitrary nature. For example, the word yellow when used as an adjective can have multiple connotations depending upon its usage. Words have two levels of meaning- literal (descriptive) and metaphorical (qualitative). Yellow, besides being a primary colour, also stands for freshness, beauty, sickness, decay, etc. Hence, the receiver is free to interpret it in any of these ways based on his own imagination and experience. But for communication to be perfect, it is essential that he must assign to it the same mean ing which the sender had in his mind while encoding the message. Therefore, there is always a possibility of misinterpretation of the messages. Mostly, such problems arise when the sender does not use simple and clear words that can convey the exact meaning to the receiver. Use of Technical Language Technical or specialized language which is used by people or professionals who work in the same field is known as jargon. Such technical language can be a barrier to communication if the receiver of the message is not familiar with it. For example, in the computer jargon, to burn a CD means to copy the data on a CD. To a layman, the word burn may have a very different connotation. Ambiguity Ambiguity arises when the sender and the receiver of the message attribute different meanings to the same words or use different words to convey the same meaning. Sometimes, wrong and speculative assumptions also lead to ambiguity. A sender often assumes that his audience would perceive the situation as he does or have the same opinion about an issue or understand the message as he understands it, and so on. All such assumptions may turn out to be wrong and cause communication failure. PHYSICAL/ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS Physical barriers are those barriers which are caused due to some technical defects in the media used for communication and/or due to certain disturbances in the surrounding environment. Often, the term noise is used as a blanket term to refer to the physical barriers in general. But noise, in its literal sense, is also one of the factors that give rise to the physical barriers during the process communication. Besides noise, wrong selection of medium, lack of acoustics, poor lighting, frequent movements of hands, fiddling with a pen, or even serving of tea during an important conversation- all of these are also responsible for creating physical barriers in the communication process. Noise The first major barrier to communication is noise. Communication is distorted by noise that crops up at the transmission level. The meaning attributed to the word noise in the field of Communication is derived from the realm of Physics. In Physics, noise refers to a disturbance, especially a random and persistent disturbance, which obscures or reduces the clarity of a signal. The modern-day connotation of the word noise is irrelevant or meaningless data as is apparent from its usage in the field of Computer Science. For example, the noise of the traffic around a school obstructs the smooth flow of information between the teacher and the students. It makes oral communication difficult. Similarly, poor signal or static while talking over the cell phone or while using the public address system or while watching TV also distorts the sound signals and disrupts communication. Bad weather conditions may also sometimes interfere with the transmission of signals and may lead to breakdow n of the communication channels. As discussed above, noise is not only the disruption of sound signals, but it also includes all the barriers that may arise at any of the various stages of communication. In a broad sense, it denotes semantic barriers, perceptional barriers as well as psychological barriers. Time and Distance Time and distance also act as barriers to the smooth flow of information. Today, because of technological advancements, we have faster means of communication available to us and this in turn has made the world a smaller place. But at times, these means of communication may not be easily accessible because of unavailability or due to technical/technological problems. This may lead not only to a physical but also a communication gap between the transmitter and the receiver. Time differences between people living in two different countries may affect communication between them. Even people working in different shifts in the same organization may also face problems in communicating effectively. Improper seating arrangement in a classroom or in a conference hall may also act as a barrier to effective communication as it is difficult to maintain eye contact with ones audience. Thus, communication can be successful only when the communicators manage to overcome the barrier s by minimizing the obstacles that crop up due to spatial and temporal factors. Wrong Choice of Medium This can also create a barrier to effective communication. For example, if an expert uses charts or graphs or PowerPoint presentations to orient the illiterate workers or volunteers to a new method of working, they are bound to be ill-equipped to infer any information or instructions from such sophisticated presentations. Surroundings Adverse weather conditions affect not only the means of communication, but also have an impact on the sender and the receiver of the message. When two people have to communicate with each other under extreme weather conditions, whether too hot or too cold, their surroundings do have a direct repercussion on the effectiveness of the exchange that takes place between them. Thus, environmental factors determine peoples mood and also influence their mental agility and thereby their capacity to communicate effectively. Extreme heat and humidity make people either hyper or listless and thus cause immense stress which in turn affects clear thinking and the attitude of the communicator; whereas, extreme cold weather induces laziness and also impedes the ability to think clearly and respond sharply, thereby causing communication failure. PERSONAL BARRIERS Communication is interpersonal in nature. Thus, there are certain barriers that are directly linked to the persons involved in the communication process, i.e. the sender and the receiver, which influence the accurate transfer of the message. These are called personal barriers. In any business organization, the attitude of the superiors and the subordinates play a vital role in determining the success of communication. If the superiors have a hostile attitude, then there are chances that they may filter the information or manipulate the message, sometimes intentionally, in order to achieve certain selfish motives. Many superiors are not open to suggestions and feedback as they presume that their subordinates are not capable of advising them. Also, they often tend to keep too busy with work and do not pay much attention to communication. Due to this, the downward flow of information within the organization is badly affected and this in turn leads to poor performance. Besides, the super iors often exercise their authority by insisting that the subordinates should approach them only through proper formal channels of communication. If, under any circumstances, the subordinates try to communicate to the superiors directly, then they may take offense as they perceive such an attempt as a challenge to their position of power. Such an attitude thus becomes a barrier to effective communication. On the other hand, there are certain factors that influence the participation of the subordinates in upward communication. Lack of confidence and fear are the primary reasons why the subordinates fail to communicate openly and comfortably with the superiors. If they feel that some information may, in some way, harm their prospect/ interest in the organization, then they prefer to conceal such information. In case, if that is not possible, then they filter the information so that they cannot be held responsible for the same. Moreover, when the superiors do not support the active involvement of the subordinates in the functioning of the organization by encouraging them to exchange their ideas and to give suggestions that would contribute to the success of the organization, the subordinates become indifferent to such reciprocity and this creates a barrier to upward communication. If the subordinates feel that their ideas and suggestions are of no value to the superiors, then they do not feel motivated to convey the same. Therefore, on the basis of the above discussion, we may conclude that personal barriers have their origin in the attitude of the sender as well as the receiver. Personal barriers often lead to distortion, filtering, and omission of information and thus have an adverse effect on the fidelity of communication. EMOTIONAL OR PERCEPTIONAL BARRIERS Emotional or perceptional barriers are closely associated with personal barriers. Personal barriers arise from motives and attitudes (as seen above), whereas emotional or perceptional barriers have an added dimension that includes sentiments and emotions as well. If the receiver does not evaluate the information with an open mind, i.e. objectively, his judgment/evaluation would be colored by his biases and/or his emotions, thus inducing him to read too much into a message. This would interfere with the exact transfer of information and cause misinterpretation. Such a barrier may also emerge at the time of encoding the message. Over-enthusiasm on the part of the sender may lead him to invest his message with meaning/s which he may actually not have intended to. Besides, too much aggression or passivity on the part of either the sender or the receiver, while communicating, also has an adverse effect on the success of communication. Also, too much of emotion thwarts reason and sometimes , the communicator, blinded by his own sentiments, makes impulsive judgments or illogical decisions. This also results in the breakdown of communication. Indolence, apathy, or the tendency to procrastinate, either on the part of the sender or the receiver, also lead to withholding of important information thus creating a barrier. Extreme emotions like euphoria, excitement, anger, stress, depression, etc. also get in the way of effective communication. All these factors may create biases in the mind of the sender and/or the receiver. Therefore, the sender and the receiver may encode and decode the message respectively as per their own perceptions, background, needs, experience, etc. And this leads to a distinct kind of exchange of ideas and feedback as well. They tend to obfuscate the reality and see what they want to see. This is also one kind of filtering that takes place during the communication process. SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS Socio-psychological barriers can also be considered as one of the offshoots of the personal barriers, akin to the perceptional barriers. We need to study it as a subcategory of personal barriers because a persons attitude is shaped not only by his instincts and emotions, but also by his approach towards and his interaction with the people around him, and hence the need for this fine distinction between the personal, the perceptional and the socio-psychological barriers. To begin with, the consciousness of ones position in an organization has an effect on the two-way flow of communication. A vertical channel of communication is present in every organization, but its efficacy is heavily influenced by the relationship between the superiors and the subordinates. Though many organizations are now becoming accustomed to the open door policy, the psychological distance between the superiors and the subordinates still prevails. Status consciousness is thus one of the major barriers to succes sful communication. Moreover, in a communication situation, the communicators have to deal with two aspects of the reality- the one as they see it and the other as they perceive it. The mind filters the message i.e. the words/symbols/signs and attributes meaning to them, according to individual perception. Each individual has his own distinctive filter, formed by his/her experiences, emotional makeup, knowledge, and mindset which s/he has attained over a period of time. Because of this difference in perceptions, different individuals respond to the same word/symbol/sign based on their own understanding of the situation and ascribe meaning to it on the basis of their unique filter. At times, his difference in perception causes the communication gap, i.e. distortion, in the message. In face-to-face communication, this gap can be easily eliminated as there is immediate feedback. But in written communication, the semantic gap between the intended meaning and the interpreted meaning remains unidentified, as the feedback is delayed or sometimes there is no feedback at all. Besides, a person with deeply ingrained prejudices is very difficult to communicate with. He is not responsive to discussion or to new ideas, information, viewpoints and opinions. He has a closed mind and tends to react antagonistically, thus ruling out all possibility of communication. An unreceptive mind can, hence, be a great barrier in communication. To overcome this barrier, people should be receptive of new ideas and must learn to listen considerately with an open mind. Also, sometimes the listener maybe too much in awe of or may completely distrust the speaker. In both these situations, the chances of success of the communication are very less. Furthermore, information overload leads to poor retention and causes information loss. So, whenever there is some important information to be conveyed, the communicators must use the written channel of communication. On the basis of the above discussion, we may thus conclude that the socio-psychological factors do have a profound impact on the effectiveness of communication. CULTURAL BARRIERS Culture is the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. Culture is learned and shared within social groups and is transmitted by non-genetic means. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2005) From this definition, we can infer that culture is the sum total of ideas, customs, arts, rituals, skills, etc. of a group of people which is handed down from generation to generation. Simply put, culture is the shared ways in which groups of people understand and interpret the world. (F. Trompenaars, Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business; 1994) Each group, categorized on the basis of nationality, ethnicity, race, religion, etc. has its own distinctive culture. Thus, there are varied subcultures that exist within a major culture. Such immense cultural diversity plays a very crucial role in communication as it has an extensive influence on both verbal and non-verbal communication a nd may therefore create barriers to effective communication. Cultural differences give rise to a great deal of complexity in the encoding and the decoding of messages not only because of the difference in languages, but also because of plenty of culture-specific assumptions at work in the mind of the sender as well as the receiver. People belonging to different cultures may attach different meanings to words, symbols, gestures, and behaviour or they may perceive each others social values, body language, attitude to space distancing and time, social behaviour and manners, etc., i.e. the entire culture in general, very differently depending upon their own standards, attitudes, customs, prejudices, opinions, behavioral norms, etc., i.e. their own distinct culture. Thus, cultural barriers arise when people belonging to different cultures insist on preserving their cultural identities and at times, judge the other cultures as inferior to their own. (For a detailed discussion on the various elements that can create cultural barriers, refer Chapter ___ International Communication on page ___) ORGANIZATIONAL BARRIERS Organizational structure greatly influences the flow of information within an organization. Some major organizational barriers are as follows: Goal Conflicts There may be goal conflicts within the organization between the superiors and the subordinates, between people working in the different departments, between the colleagues, etc. This may create a hostile atmosphere within the organization and can lead to serious communication breakdown. Organizational Policies These are also to a great extent responsible for determining the kind of rapport that people working in the same organization share with each other. If the organizational policy is such that it restricts the free flow of information in all directions (refer Formal Channels of Communication on page ___), then communication would not be successful. In some organizations, there may be rules that restrict the flow of certain messages and this may deter the employees from conveying those messages, however important they may be. If the organization favours the open door policy, the subordinates would not feel shy and reluctant to approach their superiors directly. But in the organizations where the formal channels of communication have to be strictly followed, the superiors and the subordinates share a very awkward relationship. They experience a lot of discomfiture while interacting with each other. Because of this, the objective of communication may never be accomplished. Organizational Hierarchy The hierarchical structure of the organization also impedes the flow of information and causes delay in taking decisions. When the message passes along the chain of command in an organization, there are chances of filtering and distortion of the message at almost every level before it reaches the intended receiver. Thus, the hierarchical structure of the organization is also one of the important factors that may create a barrier to effective communication. On the basis of the above discussion, we may thus sum up that barriers to communication are the aspects of or conditions in a workplace- such as status differences, gender differences, cultural differences, prejudices, and the organizational environment- that interfere with effective exchange of ideas or thoughts. (Business Dictionary) However, there are certain specific strategies that can help us to surmount these obstacles and achieve the purpose of communication. These are discussed in detail in the following section. GUIDELINES- HOW TO OVERCOME BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION On the basis of the various kinds of communication barriers listed in the previous section, let us now ennumerate certain strategies that would help us to overcome these barriers and thus improve communication. As effective communication is essential for the success of a business organization, the communicators must take care to remove the barriers in the way of communication, to the best extent possible. In communication, it is not enough only to know the message. For communication to be complete, the message must be understood by the audience. The communicator shares his message through the medium of words- spoken or written, through gestures, through symbols, etc. Thus, from this we can infer that communication, whether verbal or nonverbal, is symbolic in nature. These two aspects of communication determine the fundamental difference between effective and ineffective communication. If an idea/information is known to but not fully understood by the receiver, then the communication will be ineffective. The sender can know whether the message has been understood by the receiver through his response, i.e. feedback. The following are some general guidelines for the sender and the receiver of the message: For the Sender of the Message At the very outset, that the sender should reveal the purpose of his message and the important topics that he would deal with. By doing so, he prepares the receiver for what is to follow. This helps the receiver to identify the main points of the message, to recognize the link among the important ideas that the message contains and to organize them in a meaningful pattern in his mind. The message should be compact and the sender should concentrate exclusively on the main ideas or information that he intends to convey. Likewise, the sender should situate his ideas in an appropriate context so that the audience will evaluate and interpret them within that common frame of reference which the sender has indicated or suggested. While communicating, the sender should, at all times, emphasize the important points of the message with the help of bulleted lists, chart, graphs, illustrations, body language, tone, pitch, etc. He should also provide a summary at the end of his presentation or write-up. This will help the receiver to grasp the overall meaning of the message, thus making it easy to understand the various parts, i.e. ideas, in relation to the overall framework. The sender should arrange the ideas/information in such a way that it is appealing to the audiences visual and/or auditory senses. In written communication, the writer may make use of an attractive layout and good quality paper to attract the readers attention. While communicating orally, the sender must take care to minimize noise. He should make sure that his surroundings are well-equipped with the necessary acoustics. He should pay special attention to his facial expressions, gesture, and eye contact with the audience at the time of deliver ing the message. The sender should be clear about why he wants to communicate and his message should be precise and well-structured. He should take care to select an appropriate channel or medium so that the impact of message is not lost in transmission. He should send his message through an effective channel i.e. keeping in mind his audience and the purpose of the message and should select a channel where there are less chances of distortion. The sender should avoid using grandiloquent words in order to avoid the possibility of misinterpretation of the overall meaning of the message. The sender should neither burden the receiver with information overload nor should he provide him too little information. He should identify his audience before encoding the message so that he knows what his audience may already known and in what context he should place his message. The sender should formulate and deliver his message in such a way that it retains the audiences interest in what he intends to convey. He s hould do away with all his prejudices and preconceived notions and must communicate clearly and with an open mind. All these would enable him to have an audience-centric approach while encoding his message. For the Receiver of the Message In the initial stage of the communication process, the onus is entirely on the sender of the message. But in the later stage, the receiver plays an active role once he starts absorbing and processing the information in his mind. Thus, the receiver of the message also plays an equally important role in the successful completion of communication. Not all barriers are sender-oriented. The barriers arising from the side of the receiver are known as receiver-oriented barriers. The foremost barrier on the part of the receiver is poor retention. When the message being conveyed is of complex nature, he may lose track of the context in which the sender has initiated communication. To overcome this barrier, the receiver must develop the habit of noting down the important points. If the receiver has a difficulty in concentrating on the message or if he is not interested in the topic being discussed, this too would have a direct influence on his ability to listen effectively. In order to deal with such situations, the receiver should accustom his mind to absorb and assimilate all kinds of information by making a conscious effort to generate interest in and concentrate upon what is being conveyed. When the receiver is too judgmental about the message been delivered or too critical of the style of delivery of the sender, it creates a bar rier as the receiver totally misses out on what the sender is actually trying to communicate. Thus, the receiver should avoid being judgmental and should not be in a hurry to evaluate the message without being aware of the exact context in which it articulated. Prejudices can also create a barrier in the mind of the receiver at the time of the reception and decoding of the message. If the receiver is indifferent to or has any presumptions regarding the sender or what he is trying to put across, then his biases will create a mental block and interfere with his ability to evaluate the content of the message objectively and judiciously. This will lead to misinterpretation of the message and communication will fail. Thus, the receiver must take in new ideas/information with an open mind and should not let his biases influence his perception and reasoning ability. People with deep-rooted biases and a rigid mindset tend to be resistant to new ideas. Such inflexibility hampers listening and leads to miscommunication. Hence, both the sender and receiver should be receptive of new ideas in order to overcome such psychological and personal barriers. To sum up, most of the barriers in communication can be overcome if the sender encodes his message in a clear and precise manner, leaving no room for misinterpretation or miscommunication, and if the receiver acquires effective listening skills and gives an appropriate and timely feedback. When the communicators are able to surmount the barriers and succeed in exchanging their ideas/opinions/information without any omission, filtering or distortion, communication is said to have achieved its purpose. Let us now discuss how effective communication can be achieved within a business organization. Business organizations should adopt an open door policy at all levels. There should be an atmosphere of trust and confidence in the organization so that the communication gap between the superiors and the subordinates may be reduced. Organizational hierarchies and policies should not deter the free flow of information within an organization. The superiors must encourage their subordinates to communicate without hesitation. Such two-way communication within an organization will definitely help minimize the communication gap between the employees. The subordinates should be encouraged to participate in the decision-making process and also in solving problems or dispelling crises situations in an organization. Their ideas and contributions should be valued as this would motivate them to come up with innovative ideas/solutions and share them with their superiors with some conviction. Providing an open environment which is conducive to free interaction among the employees will prove beneficial and will contribute to the growth and success of the organization. The simplification, decentralization, and democratization of the communication network within an organization will definitely help in improving communication and making it effective. There should be frequent meetings, conferences, etc. and the management should ensure that the subordinates take an active part in the functioning of the organization i.e. not only by executing the orders or carrying out the instructions passively but also by contributing to the formulation of organizational policies and by sharing their knowledge and experience which can in turn help the superiors in making better business decisions. Such a participative and democratic approach would help reduce the communication barriers to great extent. In short, in business communication there are chances of communication failure because the message is not only complex in itself but also the stages through which it passes renders it susceptible to various interferences, i.e. barriers- semantic, personal, psychological, and/or organizational. To become a successful communicator, one must keep in mind the aforementioned guidelines in order to overcome the communication barriers and to communicate effectively. CHAPTER REVIEW In this chapter, we have discussed the meaning of the